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Results and DiscussionĪ 220-year earlywood and latewood cellulose oxygen isotope time series for the study area shows systematic, decadal- to multidecadal-scale variations ( Fig. Consequently, the isotope proxy may record evidence of a tropical cyclone event, but will not be a reliable measure of its intensity. The magnitude of storm-related isotopic depletions incorporated into cellulose will depend on many factors, including the size and proximity of the storm rain bands to the tree, the amount of storm precipitation available to the tree, and preexisting- and postevent soil moisture conditions. Accordingly, we hypothesize that hurricane and tropical storm activity result in 18O-depleted latewood cellulose. Tropical cyclones most typically impact the southeastern United States from August through October ( 12), corresponding to latewood growth. Longleaf pine tree rings preserve distinct earlywood (growth in the early portion of the growing season approximately April to mid-June) and latewood (growth in the later portion of the growing season approximately mid-June to November) components that can be separately analyzed to obtain seasonally resolved isotope compositions. Thus, storm-related depletion may not be readily detected in an averaged annual ring sample. The ephemeral nature (i.e., several weeks) of tropical cyclone-related 18O-depleted soil water suggests that it is captured only in cellulose produced in the weeks after a storm event.
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1).Įvaporative enrichment of soil water will eventually ameliorate the low 18O signal ( 10). This study reports a tree-ring isotope proxy record of tropical cyclone activity, based on a seasonally resolved, 220-year record of oxygen isotope values of α-cellulose in tree rings from longleaf pines in the southeastern United States ( Fig.
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Tree rings potentially provide a high-resolution, precisely dated biological archive of climate that can be extended back for centuries, and even millennia. The development of natural proxies for tropical cyclone activity may provide a basis for evaluation of decade- to century-scale variations in their activity and the relationship of tropical cyclone occurrence to long-term climate variations ( 5). Before ≈1900, systematic records of hurricane occurrence are fragmentary in many localities and rely predominantly on documentary records such as ship logs and news media. The relatively short instrumental record of meteorological observations makes it difficult to discern long-term (i.e., multidecadal) trends and fluctuations in tropical cyclone activity or to differentiate natural versus anthropogenic components of these trends ( 1– 4). Hurricane frequency is related to multidecadal-scale variations in sea surface temperatures, vertical wind shear, and the coupled ocean–atmosphere climate modes that influence these factors ( 1– 4). Recent studies suggest a sharp increase in hurricane activity and intensity since the mid-1990s ( 1). Atlantic seaboard and Gulf of Mexico, as demonstrated by the devastating impact of the 20 hurricane seasons. Hurricanes pose a potentially devastating threat to life and property along the U.S.